Produced water is the largest stream on most oil fields, and every barrel must be cleaned before it is injected or discharged. This guide explains the job of each treatment stage, how oil droplet size decides which technology works, and how to build a train that meets the injection or discharge target without over-treating.

A chemical injection skid is only as good as the data it was designed from. This guide shows how to define each chemical and injection point, size the pumps from dose rate and pressure, choose between single-point and multipoint skids, and fix the tank, materials, controls and standards, with a chemical table and a checklist.

A wellhead control panel keeps a well safe by holding its safety valves open and closing them in the right order when something goes wrong. This guide sets out what to decide before asking for quotations: pressures, logic, power, number of wells, materials, standards and factory testing, with a comparison table and a checklist.

When crude changes hands, the automatic sampler decides how much water the buyer pays for. This guide explains what API MPMS Chapter 8.2 and ISO 3171 expect, how to make sure the stream is mixed, when to choose an in-line, fast-loop or power-mixing sampler, how to size grabs and receivers, and how the system is proved.

Filter elements are small items that protect very expensive machines. This guide explains the difference between particulate and coalescing elements, why aerosol size matters, how flow rating and change-out pressure are set, which seal materials suit which gas, and how to buy interchangeable replacements with confidence.

Gas turbines and engines need fuel gas that is clean, dry and safely above its dew point at the burner. This guide explains how a fuel gas conditioning skid achieves that, why heating must come before pressure letdown, how much superheat to ask for, and what to put in the specification.

The upgrading unit decides how much methane a CBG plant sells and whether every cascade meets specification. This guide compares water scrubbing, amine scrubbing, PSA and multi-stage membranes on methane slip, energy, pressure and pre-treatment, sets out the IS 16087 limits, and explains how to prove gas quality continuously.

Most process analyser problems start in the sample system, not the analyser. This guide sets out what to put in a sample conditioning system specification, from process data and lag time to probe location, fast loops, dew point margins, filtration, materials, stream switching, calibration and disposal, with a worked lag-time example and a checklist.

Permeance, permeability and selectivity decide whether a gas separation membrane is worth scaling up, and each depends on how it was measured. This guide explains the units, the constant-volume and constant-pressure methods, time-lag analysis, mixed-gas testing and hollow fibre modules, with a test checklist and FAQ.

Hollow fibre structure is decided at the spinneret. This guide explains how dope composition, bore fluid, air gap, extrusion and take-up speeds, and the coagulation bath shape fibre dimensions, skin and pore size in dry-jet wet spinning, with a worked draw-ratio example, a run checklist and answers to common spinning problems.

Capillary flow porometry and mercury intrusion porosimetry both report a pore size, but they measure different pores. This guide compares the physics, ranges, standards and limits of each, covers liquid–liquid, liquid extrusion and helium methods, and gives a checklist for choosing the right instrument for membranes and filter media.